Human behavior and psychology related to gender are shaped by a complex interplay of factors throughout our lives. While the exact recipe remains under investigation, scientists have identified key ingredients: early exposure to testosterone, how we’re raised by parents and peers (postnatal socialization), and our own developing understanding of gender (self-socialization).
This article explores the impact of prenatal and early neonatal testosterone on gender-related thoughts and behaviors, but emphasizes that these hormonal influences cannot be considered in isolation from social influences.
Testosterone’s Early Impact
There’s robust evidence that early exposure to testosterone plays a significant role in shaping childhood behaviors associated with gender. This includes preferences for toys typically associated with a specific sex (sex-typical toy play). Additionally, research suggests a link between prenatal testosterone levels and a child’s developing gender identity and sexual orientation.
Beyond Toys: Spatial Ability and Autism Spectrum Disorder
The picture gets murkier when examining the influence of testosterone on spatial skills and traits associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Existing evidence for such connections is inconsistent and requires further investigation.
Girls and Testosterone: A Complex Interaction
Studies involving girls exposed to higher than typical prenatal testosterone levels reveal a fascinating interplay between hormones and socialization. These girls seem to experience alterations in how they’re perceived and treated by their environment (external socialization). Additionally, their own developing understanding of gender (self-socialization) appears to be influenced. These factors, along with prenatal testosterone exposure, all contribute to shaping their gender-related experiences.
Understanding the Bigger Picture
This research highlights the importance of considering both biological and social factors when exploring how gender identity and behavior develop. Prenatal testosterone exposure undoubtedly plays a role, but it doesn’t operate in a vacuum. The way we’re raised, the messages we receive from our surroundings, and how we come to understand ourselves all contribute to this intricate process.